Description

1

[7:14 4/11/2024 ،‫⁦ ]م‬+966 56 802 9248⁩: 22 hours ago User’s profile picture FAISAL
ALFEIFI
United Kingdom Healthcare Infrastructure and Accessibility
COLLAPSE
United Kingdom Healthcare Infrastructure and Accessibility

The healthcare system in the United Kingdom is primarily structured around the
National Health Service (NHS), which was established to provide comprehensive
healthcare services to all residents funded primarily through taxation (Cascini et al.,
2021). The NHS operates on a framework that includes primary, secondary, and
tertiary care, with patients typically first accessing care through general practitioners
(GPs). This structure is designed to ensure equitable access to healthcare throughout
the UK, including rural and underserved populations (Department of Health and Social
Care, 2019).

Accessibility to Healthcare

Overall accessibility to healthcare in the UK is intended to be universal. However,
rural and underserved populations face specific challenges related to geographical
barriers and resource availability. The NHS has implemented outreach initiatives, such
as mobile health units and telemedicine services, to better serve these communities
(Enticott et al., 2021). Additionally, targeted funding and programs aim to address the
unique health needs of these populations, highlighting the NHS’s commitment to equity
in healthcare access.

2

Cost of Healthcare

Healthcare in the UK is free at the point of use, meaning that most services, including
hospital visits, GP appointments, and emergency care, do not incur direct costs to
patients (Health Foundation, 2020). There are some exceptions, such as prescription
charges for medications, although vulnerable groups are often exempt. This funding
model contrasts sharply with systems based on private insurance, which can create vast
inequalities in healthcare access.

Governmental Influences

The UK government plays a crucial role in the healthcare system’s functionality. It
provides funding, sets policy guidelines, and establishes healthcare priorities,
significantly influencing how services are delivered (Department of Health and Social
Care, 2019). For example, initiatives aimed at reducing waiting times for treatments
and enhancing service efficiency are direct outcomes of governmental policies, affecting
patient care quality.

Alternative Healthcare Options

While the NHS is the primary healthcare provider, private healthcare options exist,
offering patients alternatives such as faster access to specialists and elective procedures,
albeit at a financial cost. Complementary and alternative medicine, such as acupuncture
or homeopathy, are also available and actively integrated into primary care settings.
Studies have shown varying experiences regarding the integration of complementary

3

medicine within UK primary care, indicating both challenges and opportunities for
these services (Sharp et al., 2018).

Policy Influence on Care Types

Healthcare policy significantly shapes the nature and delivery of care in the UK.
Policies such as the NHS Long Term Plan emphasize improving services for mental
health, chronic disease management, and the integration of digital technologies, directly
impacting the types of care patients receive (NHS England, 2019). This alignment of
policy with operational standards is crucial for addressing the evolving health needs of
the population.

References

Cascini, F., Santaroni, F., Lanzetti, R., Failla, G., Gentili, A., & Ricciardi, W. (2021).
Developing a data-driven approach in order to improve the safety and quality of patient
care. Frontiers in Public Health, 9, 667819.

Department of Health and Social Care. (2019). The NHS in England and its future. NHS
England.

Enticott, J., Johnson, A., & Teede, H. (2021). Learning health systems using data to
drive healthcare improvement and impact: a systematic review. BMC Health Services
Research, 21(1), 200.

4

Health Foundation. (2020). Understanding NHS expenditure and efficiency. The Health
Foundation.

NHS England. (2019). NHS Long Term Plan.

Sharp, D., Lorenc, A., Little, P., Mercer, S. W., Hollinghurst, S., Feder, G., &
MacPherson, H. (2018). Complementary medicine and the NHS: Experiences of
integration with UK primary care. European Journal of Integrative Medicine.

[7:15 4/11/2024 ،‫⁦ ]م‬+966 56 802 9248⁩: 14 hours ago User’s profile picture HAMAD
BIN MUNYIF
Assessing the Influence of Geographic and Economic Factors on Healthcare Access in
Rural UK Populations
COLLAPSE
Healthcare access is a multifaceted issue influenced by geographic and economic
factors, particularly in rural areas of the United Kingdom. The National Health Service
(NHS) aims to provide equitable healthcare access to all citizens, but systemic
inequalities persist. This discussion explores the structure of the UK healthcare sector,
particularly focusing on rural and underserved populations, and examines how access
to healthcare is shaped by various factors, including infrastructure, costs, governmental
policies, and alternative healthcare options.
Accessibility and Infrastructure
The UK’s healthcare infrastructure is underpinned by the NHS, which is designed to
ensure that health services are free at the point of use. However, rural populations often
face notable accessibility challenges. Geographic isolation can hinder timely access to

5

healthcare services, resulting in health inequalities. For instance, according to Noonan
(2024), rural residents frequently encounter longer travel distances to hospitals and
clinics, contributing to delays in receiving care. This geographic disparity is
compounded by economic factors, as lower-income families may lack reliable
transportation, further exacerbating their challenges in accessing healthcare.
Moreover, the availability of healthcare services in rural areas is often limited
compared to urban settings. Rural health facilities may lack specialized services such as
mental health care or advanced surgical options, leading to reliance on general
practitioners. In their study, Ochieng et al. (2022) emphasize the importance of clear
guidance and policies on innovative healthcare practices within NHS organizations,
indicating that the implementation of such policies can vary significantly between urban
and rural settings.

Economic Factors Influencing Access
Economic conditions play a critical role in shaping healthcare access in rural
populations. Limited financial resources can restrict access to both public and private
healthcare services. Patients may avoid seeking necessary care due to concerns about
potential costs, leading to worsening health outcomes. Olivera et al. (2022) highlight that
local healthcare systems often reflect broader economic disparities, where areas with
lower socioeconomic status struggle to provide adequate health services.
Furthermore, the cost of healthcare delivery, including the expenses associated with
transportation to healthcare facilities, can deter individuals from seeking timely medical
attention. In rural communities, where incomes are typically lower, the financial burden
of travel and treatment can be prohibitive. As a consequence, residents may resort to

6

alternative healthcare options, which may not always meet the standards of
conventional medical care.
Governmental Influences and Policies
Government policies significantly influence healthcare access and quality in the UK.
The NHS is funded primarily through taxation, and governmental decisions regarding
budget allocations can have a direct impact on service availability, particularly in rural
areas. Policymakers often face the challenge of balancing healthcare funding with other
public spending priorities, which can lead to disparities in service provision (Noonan,
2024).
Additionally, policies concerning healthcare workforce distribution can affect rural
health services. A lack of incentives for healthcare professionals to practice in rural
areas can result in staffing shortages, leading to decreased service availability.
Addressing these workforce challenges requires targeted policies aimed at attracting
and retaining healthcare professionals in underserved regions.

Alternative Healthcare Options
In response to the challenges faced by rural populations, alternative healthcare options
have emerged. Telehealth services, for example, are increasingly being utilized to bridge
the gap in healthcare access. These services allow patients to consult with healthcare
providers remotely, reducing the need for travel. The effectiveness of telehealth in
improving access to care, particularly for mental health services, has been welldocumented.

7

However, access to technology and internet services can be another barrier in rural
areas, highlighting the need for comprehensive approaches that address both healthcare
delivery and technological infrastructure.
Conclusion
Assessing the influence of geographic and economic factors on healthcare access in rural
UK populations reveals a complex interplay of challenges that contribute to health
inequalities. While the NHS aims to provide equitable healthcare access, systemic
barriers persist, necessitating targeted interventions. Policymakers must prioritize
addressing these disparities through equitable funding, workforce incentives, and
innovative healthcare delivery models. By doing so, the UK can move towards a more
inclusive healthcare system that meets the needs of all its citizens, regardless of their
geographic or economic circumstances.

References
Noonan, R. J. (2024). What Are the Roots of the Nation’s Poor Health and Widening
Health Inequalities? Rethinking Economic Growth for a Fairer and Healthier Future.
Community Health Equity Research and Policy.

8

Ochieng, C. A., Richards, H., Zahra, J., Cousins, S., Elliott, D., Wilson, N.,
Paramasivan, S., Avery, K. N. L., Mathews, J., Main, B. G., Hinchliffe, R., Blencowe, N.
S., & Blazeby, J. M. (2022). Qualitative documentary analysis of guidance on
information provision and consent for the introduction of innovative invasive
procedures including surgeries within NHS organisations’ policies in England and
Wales. BMJ Open, 12(9).
Olivera, J. N., Ford, J., Sowden, S., & Bambra, C. (2022). Conceptualisation of health
inequalities by local healthcare systems: A document analysis. Health and Social Care
in t [12:11 6/11/2024 ،‫⁦ ]ص‬+966 56 646 9807⁩: MONTAHA ALZUBAIL
Doctors Without Borders (Médecins Sans Frontières, MSF)
Collapse
One prominent international human rights organization is Doctors Without Borders
(Médecins Sans Frontières, MSF). Access to health is considered a human right. The
right to enjoy the best possible level of bodily and mental well-being is known as the
right to health. Health is a basic human right that is essential to exercising other human
rights, according to the UN Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights. Every
human being has the right to the best possible level of health that allows them to live
with dignity (Australian Government, 2022). For that, it is considered a human rights
violation to prevent humans from seeking health care when needed.

Mission of the Organization

Doctors Without Borders (MSF) is an international medical humanitarian organization
that provides emergency medical assistance to populations affected by crises, including
armed conflicts, epidemics, natural disasters, and exclusion from healthcare. The

9

organization is guided by principles of impartiality, neutrality, and independence,
aiming to alleviate suffering and save lives by providing medical care regardless of race,
religion, or political affiliation (Doctors Without Borders, n.d.).

Partnerships with Other Organizations

MSF collaborates with various government and non-government organizations to
enhance its capacity to provide medical care and advocate for health rights. One of the
ways of collaboration is by collaboration with Local NGOs. MSF often partners with
local organizations to gain insights into specific community needs, share resources, and
implement health programs effectively. These partnerships can enhance the local
capacity to respond to health crises (The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica, 2014).

Another type of coordination is with Governments. MSF works alongside government
health agencies in various countries to provide support during health emergencies,
including vaccination campaigns and disease outbreak responses. This collaboration
can help integrate their efforts into broader public health strategies. Also, MSF
frequently partners with international organizations such as the World Health
Organization (WHO) and the United Nations to align efforts during humanitarian
crises and advocate for public health initiatives (The Editors of Encyclopedia
Britannica, 2014).

Doctors Without Borders is advocating the engagement with human rights
organizations to raise awareness about access to healthcare as a fundamental human
right, advocating for policy changes and resource allocation. Also, it collaborates with

10

academic institutions and research organizations to conduct studies that inform better
medical practices and responses to humanitarian crises (Doctors Without Borders,
n.d.).

Challenges faced

Despite its vital work, MSF faces several obstacles when it comes to providing medical
aid and combating human rights abuses. It can be dangerous to reach populations in
need in violent or conflict-affected areas. Armed organizations frequently pose a threat
to MSF employees, making it difficult to provide care in a secure manner. A further
problem is political obstacles. Political factors can make it more difficult for MSF to
carry out its work since certain governments may deny specific people access to
healthcare or may even be against foreign organizations (Easley et al., 2001).

MSF faces significant challenges due to resource limitations. The MSF depends on
grants and contributions, both of which are subject to change. Their capacity to scale
up activities in an emergency or successfully respond to many crises at once may be
hampered by resource limitations. Furthermore, it is crucial to comprehend and honor
local cultural customs, yet this can be difficult in places with competing or different
social standards. The acceptance of medical therapies may be impacted by this
intricacy.

Operating in regions with complex legal and ethical landscapes poses challenges,
particularly regarding patient confidentiality, consent, and dealing with military or
governmental entities (Olejarczyk & Young, 2024). by navigating these challenges, MSF

11

continues to play a vital role in delivering medical care and advocating for the right to
health, even in the most difficult circumstances.

References

Australian Government. (2022). Right to health. Attorney-General’s Department.

Doctors Without Borders. (n.d.). About MSF. Doctors without Borders / Médecins sans
Frontières (MSF …

Easley, C. E., Marks, S. P., & Morgan, R. E. (2001). The Challenge and Place of
International Human Rights in Public Health. American Journal of Public Health,
91(12), 1922–1925.

Olejarczyk, J., & Young, M. (2024). Patient rights and ethics. National Library of
Medicine; StatPearls Publishing.

The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. (2014). Doctors Without Borders |
international organization. In Encyclopædia Britannica.

[12:13 6/11/2024 ،‫⁦ ]ص‬+966 56 646 9807⁩: ‫رد الطالبة الثانية‬
[12:13 6/11/2024 ،‫⁦ ]ص‬+966 56 646 9807⁩: JOUD ALTUBAITI
The Changing Humanitarian Sector

12

Collapse
The Changing Humanitarian Sector

In an increasingly interconnected world where human rights violations persist,
organizations dedicated to advocacy and protection of human rights play a vital role in
curbing abuses. One such organization is Global Rights, an international human rights
entity that partners with local activists to address and combat human rights violations
globally. Their comprehensive approach to human rights advocacy not only focuses on
direct intervention but also emphasizes the importance of collaboration with other
organizations and stakeholders (Human Rights | United Nations, n.d.).

The mission of Global Rights

Global Rights operates with a clear mission: to empower local activists and
organizations to promote and protect human rights within their communities. The
organization believes that sustainable human rights change can only be achieved when
local voices are amplified and equipped to challenge abuses effectively. By providing
support, training, and advocacy tools, Global Rights aims to strengthen the capacity of
local activists to confront systemic injustices and foster accountable governance. Their
mission thus reflects a deep commitment to both the promotion of human rights and the
empowerment of those at the grassroots level (Global Rights – MacArthur Foundation,
n.d.).

Partnerships with Government and NGOs

13

Global Rights recognizes the importance of collaboration in the fight for human rights.
The organization partners with both governmental and non-governmental entities to
enhance its impact. By working with NGOs that share similar goals, Global Rights can
leverage complementary strengths, share resources, and coordinate efforts in advocacy
campaigns, emergency responses, and education initiatives. Additionally, partnerships
with government agencies can facilitate access to policy-making processes, allowing
activists to influence legislation that protects human rights. Such collaborations often
result in more effective advocacy, allowing for broader reach and an increase in the
resources available for initiatives aimed at curbing violations (Human Rights Activism
and the Role of NGOs – Manual for Human Rights Education with Young People Www.Coe.Int, n.d.)

Challenges Faced by Global Rights

Despite its commendable mission and collaborative strategies, Global Rights faces
multiple challenges in its efforts to protect human rights. One significant challenge is
the political climate in regions where it operates. In many countries, activists encounter
hostile environments, marked by government repression, censorship, and even violent
reprisals. This creates safety concerns for both the organization and its local partners,
often leading to restricted operational capabilities. Furthermore, funding constraints
pose another hurdle, as consistent financial support from donors can be elusive. The
need for immediate action often conflicts with the extensive groundwork necessary for
sustainable change, complicating the organization’s long-term strategies. Finally, the
diverse cultural and political landscapes in which Global Rights operates necessitate a
nuanced understanding of local contexts, which can be challenging when trying to

14

effectively advocate for universal human rights standards (Challenges to the Global
Human Rights Regime – Sur – International Journal on Human Rights, n.d.).

Conclusion

In summary, Global Rights exemplifies how international human rights organizations
can make a meaningful impact by empowering local activists and adopting collaborative
approaches to advocacy. Through partnerships with various government and nongovernment entities, the organization aims to tackle human rights violations effectively.
However, challenges such as oppressive political environments, funding limitations, and
contextual complexities continue to impede progress. Despite these obstacles, Global
Rights remains committed to its mission, tirelessly working towards a world where
human rights are universally upheld, and marginalized voices are heard and strong

References

Challenges to the Global Human Rights Regime—Sur—International Journal on
Human Rights. (n.d.). Retrieved November 2, 2024, from

Global Rights—MacArthur Foundation. (n.d.). Retrieved November 2, 2024, from

Human Rights | United Nations. (n.d.). Retrieved November 2, 2024, from

15

Human Rights Activism and the Role of NGOs—Manual for Human Rights Education
with Young people—Www.coe.int. (n.d.). Manual for Human Rights Education with
Young People. Retrieved November 2, 2024, from

[12:21 6/11/2024 ،‫⁦ ]ص‬+966 56 646 9807⁩: HCM565
[12:21 6/11/2024 ،‫⁦ ]ص‬+966 56 646 9807⁩: ‫رد الطالبة االولى‬
[12:23 6/11/2024 ،‫⁦ ]ص‬+966 56 646 9807⁩: MAIDAA FELEMBAN
Evaluating Financial Health: Key Metrics in Healthcare Revenue Cycle Management
Collapse
Evaluating Financial Health: Key Metrics in Healthcare Revenue Cycle Management

Revenue cycle management (RCM) is crucial in healthcare as it directly affects the
financial health of medical institutions by managing the processes of billing and revenue
collection. The following is an elaboration of each key metrics.(Chaturvedi & Sharma,
2024)

Days of Service Outstanding (DSO)

Refers to the average number of days it takes for a healthcare provider to receive
payment after a service has been rendered. A lower DSO indicates that the organization
is collecting payments more efficiently, which improves cash flow and reduces the need
for borrowing.(Biswas, 2020)

Net Collection Percentage

16

Measures the effectiveness of a healthcare organization in collecting all the revenue it is
legally entitled to receive, after accounting for contractual adjustments and other noncollectable amounts. It is calculated by dividing the total payments by the total charges
less contractual allowances, expressed as a percentage. This metric is critical for
understanding how much revenue is actually being converted into cash.

Accounts Receivable Over 90 Days

Tracks the percentage of claims or billable charges that have not been paid within 90
days of the service date. High values in this metric suggest issues in the billing processes
or inefficiencies in collections. This metric is crucial for assessing the risk of revenue
loss over time.

Bad Debt Percentage

Represents the portion of receivables that cannot be collected by the healthcare
provider. This could be due to various factors including inadequate insurance coverage
or patient financial insolvency. Managing this metric involves strategies to reduce
uncollectible accounts, which directly impacts the bottom line.

Most Important Metric

While each of these metrics plays a critical role in revenue cycle management,
many experts argue that the Net Collection Percentage is the most crucial. This metric

17

is a direct indicator of the financial efficiency of a healthcare provider’s revenue cycle
operations. A high net collection percentage means that the institution is successful not
only in billing but also in actually collecting the money it bills, adjusting for necessary
write-offs and allowances.

A high net collection rate is indicative of a healthy billing system and effective collection
practices, which are essential for maintaining the financial viability of a healthcare
operation. As stated in studies, optimizing net collection percentage is often a primary
goal in revenue cycle management strategies, as it impacts cash flow directly and is a
robust measure of a billing department’s effectiveness (Gilligan, 2019; Smith et al.,
2020).

In conclusion, while all these metrics are important for various reasons, focusing on
improving the Net Collection Percentage can provide the most direct benefits to the
financial health of healthcare providers.(Atluri & Thummisetti, 2023)

References

Atluri, H., & Thummisetti, B. S. P. (2023). Optimizing Revenue Cycle Management in
Healthcare: A Comprehensive Analysis of the Charge Navigator System. International
Numeric Journal of Machine Learning and Robots, 7(7), Article 7.

18

Biswas, S. (2020). Measuring performance of healthcare supply chains in India: A
comparative analysis of multi-criteria decision making methods. Decision Making:
Applications in Management and Engineering, 3(2), Article 2.

Chaturvedi, R., & Sharma, S. (2024). Implementing Predictive Analytics for Proactive
Revenue Cycle Management. Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and
Biotechnology, 3(4), Article 4.
[12:25 6/11/2024 ،‫⁦ ]ص‬+966 56 646 9807⁩: ‫رد الطالبة الثانية‬
[12:30 6/11/2024 ،‫⁦ ]ص‬+966 56 646 9807⁩: REEM ALSHAMMARI
Revenue Cycle
Collapse
Revenue Cycle Management

Revenue cycle management (RCM) is a fundamental function within healthcare
systems, playing a pivotal role in ensuring financial sustainability and operational
efficiency. As healthcare providers navigate an increasingly complex reimbursement
landscape, effective management of the revenue cycle has become essential to
safeguarding the financial health of organizations. RCM encompasses various processes
that begin when a patient schedules an appointment and continue through to the
collection of payments for services rendered. Key metrics such as Dates of Service
Outstanding (DSO), Net Percentage Collection, Accounts Receivable Over 90 Days, and
Bad Debt Percentage provide valuable insights into the efficiency and effectiveness of
this process. By closely monitoring and analyzing these metrics, healthcare
organizations can identify areas for improvement, enhance cash flow, and ensure timely

19

reimbursement for the services they provide, ultimately contributing to better patient
care and satisfaction) Alradhi, & Alanazi, 2023, October).

Understanding Revenue Cycle Management in Healthcare

Revenue cycle management (RCM) is a crucial function in healthcare systems that
ensures organizations’ financial health and operational efficiency. RCM encompasses
the processes involved in billing and collecting payments for healthcare services. This
process begins from the moment a patient makes an appointment to the point of
payment collection and beyond. Effective RCM maximizes revenue for the healthcare
provider and enhances patient satisfaction since streamlined processes can lead to
quicker and more accurate billing. To assess the effectiveness of RCM, several key
metrics are employed, each serving as an indicator of financial performance and overall
operational efficacy (Al Yafi, et al 2024).

Dates of Service Outstanding (DSO)

Dates of Service Outstanding (DSO) measures the average number of days it takes for a
healthcare organization to collect payment after a service has been rendered. In other
words, it reflects the efficiency of the billing and collections process. DSO is calculated
by dividing the total accounts receivable by the average daily charges during a specific
time frame. A lower DSO indicates more efficient collection processes, as it signifies that
payments are received promptly after services are provided. For healthcare
organizations, a high DSO may signal issues such as ineffective billing practices, claims
denials, and inadequate follow-ups on outstanding claims. Thus, monitoring DSO helps

20

identify areas of improvement within the revenue cycle that could enhance cash flow (Al
Yafi, et al 2024).

Net Percentage Collection

Net Percentage Collection is another critical metric that measures the proportion of
eligible revenue a healthcare organization successfully collects after accounting for
contractual adjustments and bad debt. This metric is important because it gives insights
into the effectiveness of the revenue cycle in collecting payments from patients and
third-party payers. To calculate the Net Percentage Collection, the total amount
collected is divided by the total charges minus any adjustments, then multiplied by 100
to obtain a percentage. A higher percentage indicates effective revenue cycle
management practices, meaning that the organization is successfully collecting a
substantial portion of its billed services. This metric is crucial for financial forecasting,
as it helps predict future revenues and informs strategic decisions (Jewell, 2019).

Accounts Receivable Over 90 Days

Accounts Receivable Over 90 Days refers to the portion of accounts receivable that
remains unpaid for more than 90 days. This metric is particularly important because it
highlights the effectiveness of the collections process and indicates potential cash flow
issues for the organization. A high percentage of receivables over 90 days can suggest
problems such as billing delays, lack of follow-up on unpaid claims, or higher specific
payer denial rates. The organization should strive to minimize this percentage to
maintain a healthy cash flow and avoid future financial strain. Regularly reviewing and

21

addressing these aging accounts can also improve overall financial health and increase
revenue realization (Al Yafi, et al 2024).

Bad Debt Percentage

The Bad Debt Percentage is the metric that quantifies the amount of outstanding debt
that is unlikely to be collected and is thus written off as bad debt. This metric is
important because high levels of bad debt can indicate inefficiencies in the revenue cycle
or issues related to patient financial responsibility. Calculating the Bad Debt Percentage
involves dividing the total amount of bad debt by the total net patient revenue, then
multiplying by 100 to express it as a percentage. A lower bad debt percentage indicates
effective management of billing and collections, while a higher percentage may
necessitate interventions such as revisiting credit policies, enhancing patient financial
counseling, or improving collections strategies (Jewell, 2019).

Prioritizing the Metrics

While each of these metrics plays a pivotal role in assessing the overall effectiveness of
revenue cycle management, many experts argue that DSO may be the most critical of
them all. This is largely because DSO is a direct indicator of cash flow within an
organization; it highlights how quickly the organization can convert its services into
cash. If the DSO is excessively high, it not only affects the immediate cash flow but
could also have implications for the organization’s ability to meet operational expenses
and reinvest in services. Therefore, focusing on reducing DSO while simultaneously
monitoring the other key metrics can lead to improved financial performance and

22

better overall management of the healthcare revenue cycle. By establishing efficient
processes to monitor and act on these crucial metrics, healthcare organizations can
optimize their revenue cycle management, thus enhancing their financial stability and
capacity to deliver quality care (Al Yafi, et al 2024).

Summary:

In summary, revenue cycle management is critical for healthcare organizations aiming
to improve their financial performance and operational efficiency. Essential metrics
such as DSO, Net Percentage Collection, Accounts Receivable Over 90 Days, and Bad
Debt Percentage each serve unique roles in evaluating the effectiveness of the revenue
cycle. DSO stands out as particularly important, reflecting the average time it takes for
an organization to collect payments and directly impacting cash flow. Meanwhile, the
Net Percentage Collection offers insights into the organization’s ability to maximize
revenue after adjustments, while Accounts Receivable Over 90 Days provides warning
signs about potential collection issues. The Bad Debt Percentage indicates the
percentage of debt unlikely to be collected, emphasizing the need for strategic financial
planning and patient engagement. By prioritizing these metrics and implementing
effective management strategies, healthcare providers can optimize their revenue cycle,
ensuring their sustainability and enhancing their capacity to provide quality care to
patients.

References:

23

Alradhi, Z., & Alanazi, A. (2023, October). The Road Ahead and Challenges of Revenue
Cycle Management in Saudi Governmental Hospitals. In Healthcare (Vol. 11, No. 20, p.
2716). MDPI.

Al Yafi, O., Albabtain, M. A., Arafat, A., & Bin Jassas, A. (2024). Adopting health
revenue cycle management best practices among public or private healthcare providers
in Saudi Arabia: a pilot study. Discover Health Systems, 3(1), 88.

Jewell, B. (2019). Revenue Cycle Management. The Business Basics of Building and
Managing a Healthcare Practice, 19-29

Community, 30(6),
e3977–e3984.

Reply 1 : Amjad
Introduction
Revenue cycle management metrics are essential for healthcare organizations to identify revenue
growth opportunities and enhance financial outcomes. Key indicators like Days Sales Outstanding (DSO)
and Net Percentage Collection (NPC) help monitor cash flow efficiency and revenue capture, supporting
timely payments and minimizing revenue leakage for improved financial health (Gapenski, 2015).

Important Revenue Cycle Management Metrics

These are helpful indicators of several aspects of the revenue cycle that may help healthcare
organizations find revenue growth opportunities and improve financial outcomes.

Dates of Service Outstanding

DSO looks at the time it takes for a given healthcare facility to receive its money for the support it gives.
It determines the time scale that applies to the time period between the date the service was provided
and the date the money was received. Reducing DSO helps in asserting that the sales cycle process is
faster through early payments by consistently receiving money as cash (Atluri & Thummisetti, 2023).

Net Percentage Collection

Net Percentage Collection measures the success of the efforts exerted by a healthcare organization in
terms of money collected in relation to the total invoiced amount. It presents the percentage of revenue
from all fees that the rendered services produced. A higher NPC reveals that a company leads to lower
leakage of revenue and optimally collects income. This could mean that healthcare explores the
possibilities in which they can better attach the revenue by closely watching this number (Atluri &
Thummisetti, 2023).

Accounts Receivable Over 90 Days

The Net Percentage Collection gauges the ability of a healthcare facility to collect payments against the
total bill amount of a particular financial period. It shows the sum of money for all fees earned for the
services rendered. An increased net collection percentage means that the business is recouping money
and reducing lost revenue leakage. Healthcare organizations can use this as an indicator to gauge their

efficiency in the collections and as a tool to determine how else the organization can improve its
collections by working to increase the accuracy of billing and shorthand the time taken in the collection
process (Atluri & Thummisetti, 2023).

Bad Debt Percentage

Bad Debt Percentage refers to the proportion of recognized income that is ultimately written off because
the payers or patients cannot make the payments. It sets the proportion at which write-offs of bad debts
are likely to occur as a percentage of total revenues for the company. A higher percentage of bad debts
suggests difficulties in receipts’ recovery and can evidence problems with insurance verification
(Chaturvedi & Sharma, 2024).

Important Metrics for Healthcare

Net Percentage Collection, together with DSO, is often considered as two key financial metrics of the
revenue cycle as it fulfils the money flow and permanent financial improvement. A test of the
hypotheses indicated that the higher the net collection rate and the lower the DSO, the greater the
profitability and better the healthcare industry performance (Chaturvedi & Sharma, 2024).

Conclusion

While all indicators are important for assessing revenue cycle performance, DSO and Net Percentage
Collection are particularly important for monitoring cash flow and revenue capture efficiency. By
effectively monitoring these KPIs and addressing any shortcomings, healthcare organizations may
enhance their financial performance and optimize their revenue cycle processes (Gapenski, 2015).

References

Atluri, H., & Thummisetti, B. S. P. (2023). Optimizing Revenue Cycle Management in Healthcare: A
Comprehensive Analysis of the Charge Navigator System. International Numeric Journal of Machine
Learning and Robots, 7(7), 1–13.

Chaturvedi, R., & Sharma, S. (2024). Implementing Predictive Analytics for Proactive Revenue Cycle
Management. Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, 3(4), 74–78.

Gapenski, L. (2015, March 1). Understanding Healthcare Financial Management, Seventh Edition
(Aupha/Hap Book) (7th ed.). Health Administration Press.

Reply 1 : DANIYAH
Human Rights
Amnesty International’s mission is to conduct research and generate action to prevent and end grave
abuses of human rights, and to demand justice for those whose rights have been violated. The
organization emphasizes the protection of individual rights, advocating for freedom of expression, the
right to a fair trial, and the abolition of the death penalty, among other critical issues.
Partnerships with Government and NGOs
Amnesty International collaborates with a variety of entities, including:
1- Government Bodies: Amnesty works with national and international governments to promote human
rights legislation and policy changes. They engage in advocacy efforts, lobbying for reforms that align
with international human rights standards.
2- Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs): The organization partners with local and international
NGOs to amplify their efforts. This includes working with grassroots organizations that have a deeper
understanding of local contexts, which can enhance the effectiveness of human rights campaigns.
3- Coalitions and Networks: Amnesty often joins forces with other human rights coalitions to address
specific issues, share resources, and coordinate actions. This collaborative approach helps to build a
stronger collective voice and increases visibility for human rights abuses.
Challenges Faced by Amnesty International
Amnesty International faces several challenges in its mission to address human rights violations globally:
1- Political Resistance: In many countries, government authorities may be hostile to human rights
advocacy. This can lead to increased repression of activists and NGOs, making it difficult for Amnesty to
operate effectively.
2- Limited Resources: Despite its global reach, Amnesty relies on donations and memberships for
funding. Limited financial resources can restrict the scope and scale of their operations, particularly in
crisis situations.
3- Cultural Barriers: Different cultural norms and values can impede the acceptance of human rights
principles. Amnesty may encounter resistance in regions where local customs conflict with international
human rights standards.
4- Safety Risks: Human rights defenders, including those associated with Amnesty, often face threats,
harassment, or violence. This risk can deter individuals from speaking out or participating in advocacy
efforts.
In summary, Amnesty International plays a vital role in promoting and protecting human rights globally
through its mission, partnerships, and advocacy efforts. However, the organization must navigate various

challenges to effectively combat human rights violations and support those whose rights are at risk.

References:
SDG Actions Platform Department of
Economic and Social Affairs. (n.d.).

United Nations. (n.d.). Our work | United
Nations.

Reply 2: Sahar
Human Rights Watch: Championing Global Human Rights
Human Rights Watch is an international nongovernmental organization that helps protect and promote
human rights all over the world. Founded in 1978, HRW has grown into a powerful voice for justice and
human dignity by holding governments, leaders, and institutions accountable to respect and protect
human rights (Watson, 2004). Its core mission includes investigating, exposing, and preventing human
rights abuses through fact-based reporting, targeted advocacy, and strategic partnerships.
Mission of Human Rights Watch
Human Rights Watch seeks to defend the rights of individuals worldwide, by documenting and publicity
of human rights abuses. Its research is primarily to be directed at illustrating the experiences of refugees,
ethnic minorities, and victims of war crimes, oppression, and discrimination (Human Rights Watch,
2016). Its reports are important in bringing human rights abuses into the international limelight. That in
itself builds pressure on governments and organizations to institute reform measures that protect basic
rights. In documenting these abuses, HRW seeks to empower victims and spur corrective action by
policymakers in the effort to build a world where the rights of all individuals are protected.
Collaborations with Governments and NGOs
Its mission to protect human rights has many partnerships with government bodies, international
agencies, and other NGOs. In cases of cooperation with organizations such as the United Nations, for
example, HRW will be able to bring international attention to targeted issues. HRW sometimes
cooperates with other UN agencies such as the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees;
“UNHCR works to assist and protect the rights of forcibly displaced people in more than 125 countries
around the world (Canton, 2021)”. By having joint work with UNHCR, HRW increases the scope of its
work in areas of conflict and where persons are being or may be subjected to ill-treatment or death.
Moreover, HRW works in cooperation with regional entities like the African Union and the European
Union, supporting these latter organizations in their efforts of continent-wide human rights monitoring
and protection.
Human Rights Watch also works with local NGOs the only practical sources of human rights abuses in
countries to which the international community is denied access. Such assistance facilitates a better
understanding of issues at hand and allows HRW access to primary information regarding issues that
affect these marginalized communities. For example, in conflict-prone areas, local organizations in most
cases help HRW researchers overcome logistical and linguistic difficulties otherwise indispensable to
comprehend the plight of the local people. This would, in turn, enable HRW to do more detailed and
fine-tuned reporting through the partnerships and thus conduct effective advocacy that is culturally
sensitive.
Challenges Faced by Human Rights Watch
Despite its critical work, HRW faces numerous barriers to its mission for protecting human rights. An
overarching barrier is political opposition from governments-most especially, in those states where
abuses are committed either directly or with state acquiescence. Undemocratic regimes often have
limited access for human rights monitors, clamp down on freedom of information, or even harass and

persecute activists and reporters working with HRW. That resistance from government quashes HRW’s
ability to document information and raise public awareness about abuses, most specifically under
repressive regimes.
Human Rights Watch is also seriously concerned about the security of its own staff and that of its
collaborators. In fact, doing work in war zones or politically volatile regions exposes HRW staff and their
local contacts to harassment, arrest, injury, and even death. Because so many of HRW’s findings
implicate powerful entities in serious human rights abuses, the organization itself becomes a target of
online disinformation campaigns, financial restrictions, or other forms of reprisal to discredit its work
and undermine its influence (Taran, 2001).
Other challenges that Human Rights Watch faces include fundraising to keep its worldwide operations
running. Since it is a non-profit entity, HRW depends principally on donations and grants, which are
never predictable. This may create an inability for the organization to carry out on-the-ground
investigations or the provision of assistance in emerging crisis zones. Some donors might also be uneasy
funding the work of HRW, since their work may run in opposition to their particular political interests,
thus providing a possible risk to the bottom line of the organization.
Conclusion
Human Rights Watch plays a critical role in the international human
rights arena, exposing abuses, working for accountability, and partnering to build a safer world.
Despite great challenges, HRW has continued to function effectively, using its partnerships and research
to fight for justice and dignity on behalf of people everywhere. With constant labor, Human Rights
Watch becomes an ally for those whose rights are in
jeopardy, standing by the universal, inalienable values of human rights worth defending at all costs.
References
Canton, H. (2021). United Nations high Commissioner for refugees—UNHCR. In The Europa Directory of
International Organizations 2021 (pp. 215-234). Routledge.
Human Rights Watch. (2016). World report 2016: Events of 2015. Policy Press.
Taran, P. A. (2001). Human rights of migrants: Challenges of the new decade. International
Migration, 38(6), 7-51.
Watson, A. M. (2004). Global monitor: Human Rights Watch. New Political Economy, 9(3), 441-453.

Reply 2 : Ameera
Revenue Cycle Management
In revenue cycle management, a critical function for healthcare systems, specific key metrics are used to
assess financial health and performance (Atluri & Thummisetti, 2023). By focusing on these metrics,
healthcare organizations can better manage cash flow, reduce outstanding balances, and maximize
collections. Four essential metrics in revenue cycle management are Dates of Service Outstanding (DSO),
Net Percentage Collection, Accounts Receivable Over 90 Days, and Bad Debt Percentage. Each metric
provides valuable insights into different aspects of the revenue cycle, helping healthcare providers
understand where improvements can be made to enhance financial outcomes.

Dates of Service Outstanding (DSO):

DSO measures the average number of days it takes for a healthcare provider to receive payment after
services have been rendered. A lower DSO indicates efficient billing and collection processes, as
payments are collected more quickly (Laghari et al., 2023). Keeping DSO low is crucial for maintaining a
steady cash flow and reducing the risk of unpaid claims, which is essential in an industry where billing
processes are often complex.

Net Percentage Collection:

This metric indicates the effectiveness of the organization in collecting the full amount owed for services
rendered (Chandawarkar et al., 2024). A high net percentage collection rate shows that the healthcare
provider is successfully capturing most of the revenue it should be receiving. It reflects how well the
billing department manages claim denials, appeals, and adjustments. Maintaining a high net percentage
collection is vital for maximizing revenue.

Accounts Receivable Over 90 Days:

This metric measures the percentage of accounts receivable that remain unpaid after 90 days. High
percentages here may suggest inefficiencies in the billing and follow-up processes, potentially impacting
cash flow (Chandawarkar et al., 2024). Reducing accounts receivable over 90 days can decrease the
likelihood of debts becoming uncollectible and ensure that the revenue cycle flows smoothly.

Bad Debt Percentage:

Bad debt percentage represents the portion of billed revenue that the healthcare provider is unable to
collect, often due to patients’ inability or unwillingness to pay (Chandawarkar et al., 2024). A low bad
debt percentage is generally desirable, as it indicates effective patient eligibility verification, prompt
billing, and proactive follow-up processes. Controlling bad debt is essential for maintaining a healthy
bottom line.

Most Important Metric

While each metric plays a crucial role in revenue cycle management, the most important metric may be
Net Percentage Collection. This metric directly reflects the effectiveness of the entire revenue cycle in
capturing and retaining revenue. By maximizing the net collection percentage, healthcare providers can
ensure that they are bringing in the most revenue possible from the services rendered. This, in turn, can
have a positive effect on other metrics, as effective collection processes tend to reduce DSO, lower
accounts receivable over 90 days, and minimize bad debt.

Conclusion

In summary, revenue cycle management metrics provide essential insights into a healthcare
organization’s financial health. Each metric (DSO, net percentage collection, accounts receivable over 90
days, and bad debt percentage) is integral to managing the cycle efficiently. However, focusing on
maximizing net percentage collection can have a beneficial impact across the board, ensuring that
healthcare providers effectively capture and retain the revenue they depend on to operate successfully.

References

Atluri, H., & Thummisetti, B. S. P. (2023). Optimizing Revenue Cycle Management in Healthcare: A
Comprehensive Analysis of the Charge Navigator System. International Numeric Journal of Machine
Learning and Robots, 7(7), Article 7.

Chandawarkar, R., Nadkarni, P., Barmash, E., Thomas, S., Capek, A., Casey, K., & Carradero, F. (2024).
Revenue Cycle Management: The Art and the Science. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery – Global Open,
12(7), e5756.

Laghari, F., Ahmed, F., & López García, M. de L. N. (2023). Cash flow management and its effect on firm
performance: Empirical evidence on non-financial firms of China. PloS One, 18(6), e0287135.

Purchase answer to see full
attachment